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Preface Notation 1 Introduction to Air Pollution Control 1.1 Some of the History of Air Pollution Control in the United States of America 1.2 Why the Sudden Rise in Interest in 1969-1970? 1.3 Dirty Air Removal or Emission Control? 1.4 One Problem or a Family of Problems? 1.5 Emissions, Transport, Receptors 1.6 Units and Standards 1.7 The Plan of This Book 1.8 Summary 2 Air Pollution Effects 2.1 Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health 2.1.1 Animal Experiments 2.1.2 Short-Term Exposure of Human Volunteers 2.1.3 Epidemiology 2.1.4 Regulations to Protect Human Health 2.2 Air Pollution Effects on Property 2.3 Air Pollution Effects on Visibility 2.4 Summary 3 Air Pollution Control Laws and Regulations, Air Pollution Control Philosophies 3.1 U.S. Air Pollution Laws and Regulations 3.2 Air Pollution Control Philosophies 3.3 The Four Philosophies 3.3.1 The Emission Standard Philosophy 3.3.2 The Air Ouality Standard Philosophy 3.3.3 Emission Tax Philosophy 3.3.4 Cost-Benefit Philosophy 3.4 Changes and Adjustments 3.4.1 Air Quality Standards 3.4.2 Regional Problems 3.4.3 Emission Trading 3.4.4 Cap and Trade 3.5 Principal U.S. Air Pollution Laws 3.6 Summary 4 Air Pollution Measurements, Emission Estimates 4.1 A Representative Sample 4.2 Getting the Representative Sample to the Detector 4.3 Concentration Determination 4.4 Averaging 4.5 Standard Analytical Methods 4.6 Determining Pollutant Flow Rates 4.7 Isokinetic Sampling 4.8 Emission Factors 4.9 Visible Emissions 4.10 Summary 5 Meteorology for Air Pollution Control Engineers 5.1 The Atmosphere 5.2 Horizontal Atmospheric Motion 5.2.1 Equatorial Heating, Polar Cooling